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　　Session 3 Types of cost and cost behavior
 
　　Main contents:
　　1. Classifying costs
　　2. Cost objects, cost and cost centers
　　3. Analysis of costs into fixed and variable elements
 
　　3.1 Classifying costs
　　Costs can be classified in a number of different ways:
　　· Element – costs are classified as materials, labor or expenses (overheads)
　　· Nature – costs are classified as being direct or indirect.
 
　　a. Direct cost is expenditure that can be directly identified with a specific cost unit or cost center.
　　(1). Direct material is all material becoming part of the product unless used in negligible amount and/or having negligible cost. (component parts, part finished work and primary packing material)
　　(2). Direct wages – are wages paid for labor either as basic hours or as overtime expensed on the product line.
　　(3). Direct expense are any expense which are incurred on a specified product other than direct material and direct labor.
 
　　b. Indirect costs/ overheads; are expenditure that can not be directly identified with a specific unit or cost center and must be ‘shared out’ on an equitable basis.
 
　　· Behavior –costs are classified as being fixed, variable, semi-variable or stepped fixed.
　　a. Fixed costs: are costs that are not affected in total by the level of activity, but remain the same.
　　b. Variable costs: are the costs that change in total in direct proportion to the level of activity.
　　c. Semi-variable/semi-fixed/mixed costs: are costs which contain both fixed and variable components and so it partly affected by changes in the level of activity.
　　d. Step costs: are fixed in nature but only within certain level of activity.
 
　　· Function: costs are classified as being production or non-production costs.
　　e. Production costs: are costs included in a stock valuation. The product cost is the cost of making or buying.
　　f. Period costs (general cost): are costs that are not attributed to product costs, but instead are treated as a cost of the time period when they arise.
 
　　· Other cost classification:
　　Avoidable cost: cost which can be eliminated by changing operations
　　Unavoidable cost: cost which will not be changed by decision making.
　　Controllable cost: those cost controllable by a particular manager in a given period.
　　Uncontrollable cost: any cost that can not be affected by management within a given period.
 
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